Nutmeg.

 

Nutmeg plants have several types, among others:

Myristica fragrans Houtt,
Myristica argentea Ware,
Myristica fattua Houtt,
Myristica specioga Ware,
Myristica Sucedona BL,
Myristica malabarica Lam.
Type commonly cultivated nutmeg Myristica fragrans is mainly because these types of nutmeg has a higher economic value than other types. Followed type and Myristica argentea Myristica fattua. Type specioga Myristica, Myristica sucedona, and Myristica malabarica production is low so that the economic value was low.

Benefits of plants. 

Aside from being a spice, nutmeg also serves as an essential oil producing plants that are widely used in the canning industry, beverages and cosmetics.

Bark and leaves. 

Trunk / wood nutmeg tree is called "kino" is only used as firewood. Bark and leaves of plants produce essential oils of nutmeg
Mace.
MACE is to wrap objects nutmeg seed shaped like a woven nutmeg, called "mace". Mace is the dried form is sold in the country.

Nutmeg. 

Nutmeg is never used by native people as a spice. Nutmeg can actually relieve all pain and pain caused by cold and cold in the stomach and intestines. Nutmeg is very good for digestion that disrupted drug, drug vomiting and others-others.
Meat nutmeg.
Meat nutmeg very good and very popular with the public if it has been processed into snacks, such as: pickled nutmeg, candied nutmeg, marmalades, jams nutmeg, nutmeg meat crystals.

Planting 

If the data seen in 1971 last, nutmeg plant area of ​​around 22,809 hectares in Indonesia with centralized deployment area in Sulawesi, Irian Jaya, Aceh and Maluku.

Growing Conditions. 

1 Climate.
Nutmeg plant also requires a hot climate with high rainfall and somewhat uneven / not changed much throughout the years.
Ambient air temperature of 20-30 degrees C whereas, rainfall is divided regularly throughout the year. Nutmeg crop plant species were classified as resistant to drought for several months.
2 Growing Media.
These plants need a loose soil, fertile and well suited to the soil vulkasnis that has good drainage. Nutmeg plants grow well in soil that is textured sand to loam with a high organic matter content. While the pH of the soil is suitable for growing nutmeg is 5.5 to 6.5. These plants are sensitive to water intrusion, then for these plants must have good drainage. On sloping lands as on mountain slopes, so that the soil is not eroded so that fertility has declined, it needs to make the transverse slope terraces.
3 Elevation.
Nutmeg plants can grow well in areas that have a height of 500-700 m above sea level. While at altitudes above 700 m, crop productivity will be low.
Cultivation Guidelines.
Seeding 1.
Generative Propagation Method (Seed).
a) Selection of seed.
Propagation by seed can be done with the seeds germinate. In this case the seed is derived from:
Seeds are seeds collected sweep away without known clearly and definitely the parent tree.
Selected seeds are seeds that native or parent tree clearly known. In this case there are 3 kinds of beans selected, namely:
legitiem seeds, the seeds of which are known to clear the parent tree (obvious stigma unknown origin);
illegitiem seeds, the seeds are derived from intercropping is not known, but the origin of stigma clearly known;
propellegitiem seeds, the seeds of which occurred from crosses in the garden that consists of two or more clones.
The seeds will be used as the seed should come from the nutmeg really cook. Nutmeg seeds will be used as the seed should come from the nutmeg tree which has the properties:
Healthy growth of mature trees, capable of high production and good quality, and it was collected and selected parent trees can be used as a source of seed spread in 4 provinces: West Sumatra, West Java, North Sulawesi and Maluku. The seeds of the mother plant was selected to be used as seed must be selected, the selected seeds are large in size with a minimum weight of 50 grams / grains, slightly rounded and symmetrical shape, seed coat color is dark brown and shiny, not attacked by pests and diseases. Nutmeg fruit plucked from the tree and will be used as seed seeds should be taken no later than within 24 hours of the seed must have been planted. This is due to the nature of the nutmeg seed germination power can be rapidly declining.
Seeding.
Seeding the ground near a source of water should make it easier to do the watering nursery. Land that will be used for seeding should be selected fertile and loose soil. Treated soil with a hoe to a depth of about 20 cm olakan and made beds with a width of about 1.5 cm and a length of 5-10 cm, depending on the seed to be planted nutmeg. The pile is built North-South lengthwise. Then the processed soil mixed with manure that is so (have not undergone fermentation) evenly enough so that the soil becomes friable seedbed. Round beds opened a small ditch that serves as a drainage channel.
The pile was given a shade of woven palm leaves / straw with a height of 2 m and the eastern side of the West 1 m. This is the purpose of providing shade to the nursery only sunlight in the morning until the early afternoon and on a scorching hot day it was protected by a shade nursery.
Seedbed soil drenched with water little by little so wet it evenly and not until there is a puddle on the bed. Then nutmeg seeds planted with nutmeg buried to a depth of approximately 1 cm below the soil surface beds. Nursery inter-grain spacing is 15x15 cm. The position of the buried seeds / seedlings should be meeting, the white lines on the skin located below the seed. Maintenance is primarily nursery seedbed soil still keeping wet (sprayed with water) and keep the seedbed soil kept clean of weeds).
After the seeds have germinated the stem will grow. Then the seedlings in the nursery can be transferred to a poly bag containing the growing medium in the form of loose fertile soil mixed with manure. Transplanting seedlings from the nursery to the poly bag must be done carefully so that the roots are not damaged.
Polybag which already contains the seeds of plants should be put in a place protected from sunlight / laid out in rows and given a protective roof above a woven palm leaf / hay.
Maintenance in polybag primarily is to keep the growing medium kept clean of weeds and keep the growing medium in a state of permanent wet but not water dependent. To avoid stagnant water, the bottom of the polybag should be given the exit hole to spray water / rain water.
The seeds can be lightly fertilizing, namely the TSP and urea fertilizer each sektar 1 gram each fertilization. Fertilizer placed on the surface of the growing medium and then immediately doused. Fertilization is done 2 times a year, ie at the beginning of the rainy season and at the end of the rainy season. Once the seedlings have 3-5 stems branch plant, the seed can be moved / planted in the field.

Graft Propagation Method (Marcoteren). 

Nutmeg plant propagation by means of grafting aims to get plants that have the properties of the original parent (grafted tree). Points to consider in choosing a rod / cabangyang be grafted from a tree that grows is healthy and able to produce enough fruit, trees are 12-15 years old. Stems / branches that have woody, but not too old / too young.
Ways grafting (marcotern):
Stem / branch exfoliated skin with a sharp knife along the 3-4 cm circumferentially. Graft position about 25 cm from the base of the stem / branch. Mucus / cambium that coats the wood removed by disisrik cambium, stem to be implanted is left for several hours to dry the wood that it looks right. Take the loose soil and manure has been mixed with wet and clumping. Then the land is attached / wrapped on the shaft that has been hulled shaped mound. Mound is then covered with coconut fiber / plastic. So that the soil can be firmly attached to the stem which is skinned,
the coconut fiber / plastic bandage was tied with a rope firmly to take part, the middle and the top. When using the pads of plastics, then the top and bottom should be a small hole to enter the water spray (upper hole) and a drainage channel (bottom hole). When an implant is working well, then after 2 months will grow roots. If rooting graft was ready to be cut and
transferred basket or planted directly in the field.

Grafting Propagation Method (Enten and grafting). 

This connection system is selected to place the plant in other parts of the plant as a parent to form a joint plant. This connection system there are two ways, namely:
Grafting Shoots (entern, grafting): Splicing shoots there are three kinds:
Enten gap (upper trunk and lower trunk as large)
Enten trim or copulation
Enten side (triangles)
Splicing eye (grafting): Connection of the eye there are three kinds:
Grafting regular (rectangular)
Grafting "T"
Forkert
After 3-4 months after grafting with graft or graft system was done and if it has demonstrated the existence of stem growth above (in connection graft) and buds (on grafting grafting), the plants can be planted in the ground already.
Breastfeeding Propagation Method (Inarching Or Approach Grafting).
In this breastfeeding system, the size of the rootstock and scions should be as large (more or less large adult fingers). The way to do it is as follows:
Choose lower and upper trunk candidates that have the same size.
Do incision in the upper stem and lower stem with a shape and size to the exposed part of wood.
Attach the bottom of the stem at the stem right above the incision was and fasten it to the top of the stem right at the incision and tied with a strong rope.
After some time, both the stem will grow together as if the rod down to suckle on top of the parent stem. Within 4-6 weeks, breastfeeding can already be seen the results. If the stem above the leaves do not wither, then it can be ascertained successful breastfeeding. After 4 months, the stem bottom and the top is no longer needed and may be cut and allowed to grow perfectly. If it has fully grown, the seeds of the breastfeeding results can already be planted in the field.

Cuttings Propagation Method. 

Plants can be propagated by cuttings nutmeg old and young, with a 0.5% solution of IBA hormaon. Cuttings using hormone IBA 0.5%, usually at the age of 4 months after the cuttings have come out by the roots. Then the next three months has pretty much grown roots. Another experiment is to use 0.6% IBA in the form of lime. Cuttings by using IBA 0.6%, usually after 8 weeks already formed callus on the bottom of the cuttings. Then, if necessary for the second time with 0.5% IBA solution, then after 9 months later already looks rooting.

Media Processing Plant. 

Nutmeg garden plants need to be prepared as well as possible, on land there are shrubs should be removed. Then the processed soil to become loose so that aeration (air circulation in the soil) goes well. Tillage should be done in the dry season so that the process of tilling the soil it can be more effective. Tillage on sloping land conditions should be done according to the direction of the transverse slope. Tillage in this way will form a groove which can prevent the flow of surface soil / avoid erosion. At the 20% slope land should be made of terraces with a width of about 2 m, can also be made by planting terraces composed kountur system, which can form a terrace ridges, terraces credit / patio bench.

Planting Techniques. 

Planting seeds is done at the beginning of the rainy season. This is to prevent seed plants do not die because of drought, seedling plants from seeds and stems already have 3-5 branches usually able to adapt to environmental conditions so that growth can be good. Planting from seed is done in the following way: polybag (pelastik bag) in the first release, seeds incorporated into the planting hole and the surface of the soil in the planting hole is made just below the surface of the fields. Once the seeds are planted, the planting hole and then doused with water in the hole so that the growing medium becomes wet.
When the nutmeg seed derived from the graft, then leaves before planting should be reduced beforehand to prevent rapid evaporation. Planting hole for seeds from the nutmeg shells need to be made deeper. This is so that when I grow these plants did not collapse because of herbal system of grafted seedlings have a taproot. Once the seedlings at planting, the planting hole should be watered so that the plant becomes wet media. Planting seeds of nutmeg derived from graft and grafting can be done such as planting seedlings originating from seeds nutmeg. Holes plants need to be prepared one month before the seed is planted. It is intended that the soil in the hole becomes a paddle (not acid), especially if making the rainy season, planting holes are made with a size of 60 x 60 x 60 cm for light soil types and size of 80x80x80 cm for the type of clay. In digging the planting hole, the upper soil layers must be separated with a bottom layer of soil, because these two soil layers contain different elements. After some time, the soil dug in the bottom of the insert first, then followed dugouts upper mixed with manure to taste. Spacing is good for nutmeg plant is: on flat land is 9x10 m. While the undulating land is 9x9 m.

Plant Maintenance. 

To prevent damage or even death of the plant, it is necessary to try cover crops that grow quickly, such as crop type or much earlier Clerisidae nutmeg seed at planting, land first planted types of fruit trees / coconut trees.
Stitching should be done if the nutmeg seed plants die / unfavorable growth. At the end of the rainy season, after fertilizing watering should be done immediately so that fertilizer can be dissolved and absorbed by the roots. At the time the plant is young, fertilization can be done with organic fertilizer (manure) and inorganic fertilizers (chemical fertilizer together with artificial fertilizers) in the form of TSP, urea and KCl. However, if the plants are grown / are old, more effective fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. Fertilization takes place twice a year, ie at the beginning of the rainy season and at the end of the rainy season.
Before fertilization, should be made trench 10 cm deep and 20 cm wide in a circle around the main stem as wide as the plant canopy (canopy trees), then the TSP fertilizer, Urea and KCl sown evenly in the trench and backfilled soil with the meeting immediately. If fertilization is done at the beginning of the rainy season, after the end of the rainy season, then the leaching of fertilizer to help the watering can be done, but if the condition is still much rain do not need watering.

Pests Diseases. 

Hama. 

Stem borer (Batocera sp).
Nutmeg crop is attacked by pests in a given time can experience death.
Symptoms: There are holes on the trunk diameter hoist 0.5-1 cm, where the sawdust obtained.
Control:
cover the hole with a wooden hoist / hoist make holes and indentations on its kill pests.
insert / inject venom insect such as Dimicron 199 EC and 50 EC systemic Tamaran into nutmeg tree trunk using a drill, which included total dose of 15-20 cc and the hole quickly closed again.

Anai-Anai / Termites. 

Termite pest started attacking from the roots of plants, into the base of the stem and eventually get into the trunk.
Symptoms: the occurrence of black spots on the surface of the rod, if the black spot was removed, then the nest and channels
created by termites (termites) will appear.
Control: spraying a solution of insecticide on the soil around the stem of the plant is attacked, insecticide sprayed on the black spots that can seep into the nest and the channels created by the termites.

Beetles Aeroceum fariculatus 

Beetle pests often attack small and nutmeg. Imagonnya broaching seeds and lay eggs in it. Inside the grains, the eggs will hatch and become larvae that can uplift the overall nutmeg. Control: nutmeg dries immediately after being taken from the fruit.

Disease. 

Cancer stem.
Symptoms: swelling of the trunk, branches or twigs of plants are attacked.
Control: cleaning the garden of shrubs, prune the affected areas and burned.
Halve white.
Cause: The fungus coreneum sp. which can cause fruit split and fall before the old.
Symptoms: There are small patches of brownish purple color on the skin of the fruit. Patches are enlarged and colored black.
Control:
make sewer water (drainage) is good;
fumigation with sulfur under a tree with a dose of 100 g / plant.

Spider house. 

Attacking branches, twigs and leaves.
Symptoms: the leaves dry and then followed by the drying of twigs and branches.
Control: cut branches, twigs and leaves are attacked, then burned.
Dried fruit rot.
Cause: The fungus Stignina myristicae.
Symptoms: brown spots form, rounded and concave shape with patches of varying size, from the
is very small up to about 3 cm; on the skin of fruit clusters appear green fungus and finally blackish blotches are going dry and hard.
Control:
humidity conditions around the nutmeg tree needs to be reduced, for example by subtracting the shade of the trees
other around the head with partially cut branches are leafy, then cleared the ground around the tree, there are no weeds or other herbaceous plants;
nutmeg and the disease affected leaves immediately picked and buried in the ground;
can be done by spraying fungicide regular basis, ie, 2-4 weeks, either during the attack or no attack of this disease, which can be used is fungsida containing the active ingredient mancozeb, karbendazim and benomi.
Wet rot.
Cause: The fungus Collectotrichum gloeosporiodes, which attacked or infected fruit wounds.
Symptoms: nutmeg brown rot looks that are soft and wet; these symptoms are present in about fruit stalk attached to the fruit so that the fruit easily fall.
Control: with dried fruit rot.
Young fruit fall.
Symptoms: the presence of the young fruit fall.
Cause: The disease is not known clearly.
Control: by combining (blending) between fertilization and delivery of fungicides.

Harvest. 

Characteristics and Harvest.
Generally nutmeg trees begin to bear fruit at the age of 7 years and at the age of 10 years has been producing profitably. Production will continue to increase at the age of 25 years and reach peak production. Nutmeg trees continue to produce until the age of 60-70 years. Nutmeg can be picked (harvested) after quite ripe (old), which is about 6-7 months from start to flower with signs ripe nutmeg is if some of the pieces that broke magpie (splitting) through and look dimpled groove selaputi seeds are in red mace. If the fruit is already creeping into allowed to remain on the tree for 2-3 days, then splitting into perfect fruit (fruit split in two), and the seeds will fall on the ground. Regional Banda, 3 kinds of time known harvest each year, namely: (1) harvest / large (mid-rainy season); less harvest (early rainy season) and a small harvest (end of the rainy season). Nutmeg harvest at the beginning of the rainy season gives best results (high quality) and mace (mace) which is the thickest.
Ways Picking.
Picking nutmeg can be topped off with a bamboo pole / shaped basket (Javanese: the figure). Moreover, it can also be done with the climb and pick and pluck fruits that are ripe nutmeg correct.
Post-Harvest.
Separation Part 1 Fruit.
Once ripe fruit collected nutmeg, ripe fruit split between meat and fruit, mace and seeds are separated. Each part of the nutmeg fruit is placed on the container is clean and dry condition. The seeds were collected needs to be sorted and sorted into into 3 kinds:
fat and intact;
thin or wrinkled; and
defective.
Drying seeds.
Nutmeg obtained from the process to the I-dried immediately to avoid pests and diseases. Seeds dried in the hot sun on the drying floor / other place. Drying too fast with higher heat will result in rupture nutmeg. The dried nutmeg characterized by detached parts of the seed coat (shell), if classified be hilarious and water content of 8-10%.
Nutmeg seeds that have been dried, then beaten with a wooden skin that buijinya broken and separated from the content of the seeds. Fill seed that has come out of his shell is sorted by size on the size of the content of the seeds:
Large: in 1 kg of seeds contained 120 grains of contents.
Medium: in 1 kg of grain contents are approximately 150 seeds.
Small: in 1 kg of grain contents are approximately 200 seeds.
Fill the dried seeds, then liming. Liming nutmeg seed lot is wet calcification, namely:
Limestone that has been filtered through a gentle solution made of lime in a large tub / vessel (as used for whitewashing or whitewash the wall / wall).
Fill nutmeg seed is placed in a small basket and dipped in a solution of lime up to 2-3 times to shake so that it touches the lime water content of seeds all.
Furthermore, the content of the seeds was placed into a pile in the barn for aerated to dry. After the process of calcification should be a last inspection to prevent the possibility of the nutmeg seeds defects, such as broken previously unknown.
Preservation nutmeg can also be done with new technology, namely by fumigation with methyl bromide substance use (CH3 B1) or carbon bisulfida (CS2)
Drying Flowers Pala (Fuli).
Mace is dried in the hot sun slowly for several hours, then aerated. This is done repeatedly until it dried mace. Original color bright red mace, after being dried into a dark red and eventually became orange. By drying as this can result in a chewy mace (not brittle) and high quality so that they have a high economic value as well.
Solving shell beans.
Solving shell nutmeg can be done in 2 ways, namely:
By human power: How to break the shell of the nutmeg seed is done in a way to hit him with a wooden until the shell broke. Breaking the shell of the nutmeg seed requires special skills, because if not the content of the seeds are much damaged (broken) so the quality of its fall.
With the engine: This method is widely used by farmers nutmeg. In simple terms can be explained that the mechanism of action and the tool is similar to that done by human beings, which is a specific part of a machine destroying nutmeg skin so that stay is the content of the seeds. The advantage of the use of the machine is energy, time and operational costs can be reduced. Besides the mechanical damage of the content of the seeds is also smaller.
Cultivation of Economic Analysis.
1 Analysis of Cultivation:
2. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview:
Production nutmeg (seed and mace) each year continues to increase. Nutmeg production in 1962 amounted to 3,200 tons increased to 10 327 tonnes in 1971 In the last 10 years, the increase in the production of an average of 22% per year nationwide nutmeg acreage in 1985 is estimated to 70.192 hectares with a total production of around 18 649 tonnes per year increase production was mainly due to the expansion of the nutmeg plant is a crop of about 90% of the people. The role of nutmeg exports was large enough for farmers, especially in the areas of Maluku, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Irian Jaya. West Java and Aceh. Results Indonesian nutmeg world market has advantages because it has a distinctive aroma and has a high oil immersion. Only about 40% of the world's nutmeg met from Granada, India and some other countries, while producing 60% pala pala's needs are met Indonesia, namely in the form of nutmeg seeds and membranes (mace) which can result in dry sizeable foreign exchange.
Production standards.
Scope 1.
Standard production includes: quality requirements, how to test the quality, sampling method and way of packaging.
2 Description:
3 Classification and Quality Standards.
To determine the quality of the resulting core nutmeg, the criteria to be considered are as follows:
Peeled Nutmeg ABCD:
a seed is relatively heavy, the perfect shape and does not wrinkle, not attacked by pests / diseases, not broken / damaged mechanically.
Pala peeled RIMPEL:
seeds are relatively heavy, wrinkled, not broken, not attacked by pests / diseases
Pala peeled B.W.P.
wrinkled, no mechanical damage, pests and diseases attacked lightly.
From the results of sorting the seed quality, we will get the average weight of different, namely:
ABCD peeled nutmeg in a heavy sack (90 kg).
RIMPEL peeled nutmeg in a heavy sack (80 kg).
Pala peeled B.W.P. the weight of a sack (75 kg).
The criteria for determining the quality standards mace based on color, shape and maturity of mace. Mace quality criteria are:
I Fuli (moce one): from the old fruit; mace state intact; good color (red).
MACE II (moce two): from the old fruit; mace state no longer intact;
Gruis I and II: mace was destroyed; weathered and easily broken; black color.
Especially for Gruise II used to further refine shredder mace.
Nutmeg seed quality is determined by:
Spacing: spacing not only affect the quantity, but determining the quality of the resulting nutmeg. With the tight spacing normally we would get small fruits.
Maintenance: Maintenance is also affecting the quality of the resulting nutmeg. As a result of bad maintenance nutmeg easily attacked by pests or diseases (white split) so that poor fruit quality.
Way of picking and processing: fruit picked at the time was young, seeds and mace that we get the quality will be low. Similarly, poor processing, such as drying is done in a hurry, nutmeg generated would be much broken.

Sampling.
Each pack as much as 3 kg were sampled from the top, middle and bottom. Examples are mixed evenly without causing damage, then divided by 4 and the two parts are taken diagonally. How this is done several times until reaching 3 kg sample for analysis.
Number of packs in the party: 1 to 100, the minimum number of samples taken 5.
Number of packs in the party: 101 to 300, the minimum number of samples taken 7.
Number of packs in the party: 301 to 500, the minimum number of samples taken 9.
Number of packs in the party: 501 to 1000, the minimum number of samples taken 10.
Number of packs in the party: more than 1000, the minimum number of samples taken 15.
The sampling officer must qualify that person experienced / trained in advance and have ties with a legal entity.
11.5. Packaging
The purpose of packaging is to prevent damage to the product into the hands of consumers. Common packaging is the plastic bags because it can prevent damage in a relatively long time. Packing seeds and nutmeg mace done simply. Pala were sorted using a burlap sack packed with layered two. The average score of each quality
nutmeg is as follows:
ABCD peeled nutmeg in a heavy sacks of 90 kg.
RIMPEL peeled nutmeg in a heavy sacks of 80 kg.
Pala peeled B.W.P. in a weight of 75 kg sacks.
Especially for packing mace is usually done in a wooden box (plywood) with an average weight of 70-75 kg / crate. The things that need to be considered prior to packing are: mace that will be packed should be fumigated first. Giving fumigant in nutmeg and mace to be carried out in a closed space for 2 x 24 hours. Commonly used fumigant Methyl Bromide is.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com 
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno. 
http://storeconveniences.blogspot.com/2014/09/nutmeg.html
DatePublished: September 4th, 2014 at 21:52
 Tag : Nutmeg.