Resin, pine and agathis.

Damar. 

Rosin is one of the non-timber forest products that have been long known, namely a compound polysacarida sap which is produced by forest tree species specific. Until now quite widely used resin, among others, to varnish materials, auxiliary materials in the manufacture of boats and most importantly as cable wrapping sea / land. Resin produced by species of the genus: Hopea, Balonocarpus, Vatica, Canoriurn, and Agathis.

History Resin. 

Resins, liquid sticky sap harvested from some forest tree species, is the oldest trade products from natural forests of Southeast Asia. Resin specimens can be found in prehistoric sites, demonstrated that the activity of collecting forest products has long been done. Indonesia's natural forests produce various types of resins. Turpentine (pine resin) and copal (Agathis resin) resin was once the economic value traded of Indonesia before World War II.
Resin is a term commonly used in Indonesia to name the resin of trees including several tribes Dipterocarpaceae and other forest trees. About 115 species, which includes seven members (out of ten) generates clan dipterocarp resin. This dipterocarp trees grow predominantly in lowland forests of Southeast Asia, because it is a rosin resin type commonly known in western Indonesia. Typically, resin is regarded as a low-quality resin or turpentine copal compared.
There are two kinds of resin commonly known, the quality is far different. The first is a stone resin, the resin junky blackish brown, which came out by itself from the wounded tree. Large clumps falling from tree bark can be collected by digging the soil around the tree. Trees around the old producer is usually a lot of stone resin. Secondly, is the cat eye resin; that is clear or yellowish resin of high quality, comparable with copal, which is harvested by wounding the bark of trees. About 40 species of genus Shorea and Hopea produce resin cat eyes, of which the best is Shorea javanica and Hopea dryobalanoides.

Benefits of Resin. 

Not many people know about the resin. In fact, from tree resin could be taken a lot of benefits. Wood resin can be used for a boat. Its power is formidable, but it has a light weight. Perpendicular to the stem wood of trees that make too much resin that straight. While the leaves broad, oblong but flat. Ordinary wood resin trees are also used as raw material for paper, household equipment, musical instruments and sports equipment. In the language of building experts, the quality of wood resin trees including IV quality, strength and class III. While the sap can be taken for paint materials, cosmetics, plastics, varnish, even the matches. Resin grows mostly in primary forest. Among others are found in the forest area of ​​Lampung, South Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and Irian Jaya. Have an average height of 50 meters, the average diameter of 2 meters. The most hunted person of the resin is resin. The resin is a resin containing chemical elements can also berkasiat for liniment. It also can be used for preservative plants and even animals.
There are several types of resins, which become the prey, the cat eye resin, resin stone, resin black meranti, also resin resak. Currently, the types that are widely used are the type of resin stone and cat's eye which is one of mainstay export products Lampung.

Resin tapping. 

Resin tapping is done by making some holes tapping on tree trunks in a triangular shape and arranged in a vertical (upward direction) or vertically (sideways direction). Variatifnya number of production caused by a gum resin tapping has not been uniform manner, especially in the number, size and depth of tapping holes are made in each particular tree diameter. Not even a rare hole number and depth of excessive tapping are not in accordance with the tree trunk is tapped. Such a way of tapping certainly will not yield optimal resin, besides that, the tree will be stunted. In connection with this, the need for improvement in the way of tapping resin. The aim of tapping resin so that the resin is opening channels resin out of the tree. The larger and the more the number of tap holes, the more the amount of resin that comes out of the tree trunk. But the consequences, if the injury is too many trees to grow trees then the power is interrupted so that the tree of life will languish or even be uprooted. Thereby improving the wiretap is meant here is the number of holes tapping tapping that is not too much. But was able to increase production at each hole tapping.
There are several alternative ways of tapping that can increase the production through stimulation treatment both physically and chemically.

Equipment commonly used resin tapping. 

Equipment used to extract gum resin is generally made of materials which are forest products such as rattan and palm tree parts. The type and use of equipment sap is as follows:
1. Knife Tapping.
    Tapping knife or ax commonly called patil is a small ax that resembles letter T shaped blade with a width of about 3 cm and can be removed and mounted on the handle. The handle of the ax is made of wood with a length of approximately 15 cm. The blade and the handle mounted in a way tied using ropes made from rattan. Patil ax serves to make the notch / hole tapping, scraping and retrieve the results of resin, as well as open / update the wound tapping (menghuring).
2. Sap resin reservoir container.
    Container vessel called a gum resin or zinc tembilung a cone-shaped container with a diameter of 25 cm and 30 cm high, made of sheath / palm frond or cylindrical baskets made of rattan woven leather. This tool is used to accommodate the new resin collected from the tapping hole.
3. Rope climber.
    Rope climber or ambon / alit made of woven wicker or rattan sticks leather small diameter of about 3 to 4 meters in length. This tool serves to climb and prop / hold the body and renew tapper tap hole during tapping.
4. Basket haul.
    Basket conveyance or a container such as a basket babalang elliptic and made of woven rattan and comes with a leather strap made of wood so that the basket can be carried like a backpack. This tool can load about 60-75 kg darnar.

Way of tapping and sap collection. 

Kauri trees began to be tapped at the age of ± 20 years, or if the diameter of the stem has reached 25 cm. Before tapping implemented. pnhon bark resin that will be tapped cleaned first by scraped, so that around the tap hole to be made free of dirt or wood chips that might contaminate the sap / resin that comes out. After the cleaning is finished bark, then tapping is done by making cuts / triangular hole in the bark, with the position of the first tapping holes located approximately 50 cm above the soil surface. First tapping hole width / Young made is about 3 cm (depending on the width of the blade of the ax trench used) by into the thick bark or cambium extent (approximately 2 to 2.5 cm). The number of holes made in the tree trunk is tapped for the first time (trunk diameter about 25 cm) are usually as much as 2-4 places arranged in an array up in one path, the distance between the vertical lines injuries tapping in about 40 Cm. Tapping hole widths will increase along with the frequent trees are tapped. In addition, the number of holes and tapping lines will also increase in line with the increase in the size of the diameter of the tree trunk is tapped. Number of lanes tapping on a tree with a trunk diameter of 60-30 cm is as much as 4-5 pieces, the number of holes tapping each lane as much as 9-11 hole. Some time after the bark will sap tapped out, and the sap is allowed to flow and collected in the tapping hole until dry. After damar gum resin dries then harvested / collected. Sap harvesting period is usually about him weeks to a month after tapping. Harvesting or collecting sap from the tapping hole is to remove / scrape resin from the tapping hole using patil ax. then accommodated into tembilung. After all the sap collected in tapping holes in tembilung, tapping hole is cleaned from the remnants of dried sap and then performed the update tapping wounds. Updates tapping cuts implemented by removing / slashing the bark of a few millimeters from the edge of the hole before tapping. Collecting the sap from a hole high savory (not covered anymore by hand flavoring) is done by climbing a tree with the help alit that wrapped around the tree trunk and body tapper. After all the resin in the tree that is harvested accommodated in tembilung, then put in babalang subsequently transported to the place of collection.

Pine. 

Pine or pine is the designation for a group of plants that they all belong to the genus pine. In Indonesia, the mention of pine or pine is usually aimed at the Sumatran pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. DeVries et). Pine are mostly monoecious (monoecious), ie in the plants are male and female organs but separate, although some species are semi-married two (sub-dioecious).

Pine sap. 

Are pine sap on the trunk where the sap channels in the vertical direction (longitudinal) and horizontal (radial). This sap channels formed lisigen, sizogen, and sizoligen. Several provisions of pine trees that will be tapped:
a. Diameter limit cupping, diameter pine trees that will dsadap is above 15cm.
b. Selective cupping, trees will be tapped are the future trees felled dijarangi or that since the age of 10 years samapai the life cycle of felling or thinning. Usually done on pine management company that uses pine for a variety of uses.

Pine sap Processing 

In the processing of pine resin in Gondorukem & Turpentine Factory (PGT) Perum Perhutani, industrial raw materials in the form of sap pine (Pinus merkusii) is processed through several stages:
1) Acceptance & Testing Raw Materials
2) Dilution
3) Washing & Screening
4) Heating / cooking
5) Testing & Packaging
Gum Rosin and Turpentine is distilled / distillation of pine sap. Gondorukem a solid clear yellow to dark yellow. While Turpentine colored clear liquid and a strong solvent.
The processing of the sap into gondorukem generally includes 2 stages:
-  Purification sap from impurities.
- Separation of gondorukem turpentine by distillation / evaporation.
Sap purification process consists of:
- Sap dilution with turpentine
- Retrieval / filtering coarse dirt
- Leaching and separation by filtration or fine dirt deposition.
Gondorukem separation process of turpentine bias through two stages, namely:
- With direct heating
- With indirect heating (using steam)
In trade, gondorukem distinguished in some quality / quality. The main factor that determines the quality of the color, softening point and levels of impurities. To turpentine determined only one quality, namely:
- Clear color
- The content of impurities
- The composition of the Alpha pinene and pinene Betha
- Aroma Typical Turpentine.
Pine sap as a raw material for the production Gondorukem & Turpentine, resulting from the interception of pine trees merkusii. Pine sap is collected and received in the form of a viscous liquid PGT mixed with crystals, water, wood chips, pine needles, pine flowers and other impurities are intentionally / unintentionally mixed (soil, sand, etc.). Therefore the quality of the sap is determined by the levels of dirt and color. To obtain good quality gondorukem required sap are good also. Therefore be very helpful if in case the sap can be separated according to its quality.If not, it will require a good and sophisticated equipment to get good quality back sap.

Benefits Pine sap. 

Pine tree that we usually see in the mountains turns produce sap that is very useful for us, the result of the pine sap can produce turpentine oils containing terpene compounds is one of the isomers of C10 unsaturated hydrocarbons H163 particularly alpha-pinene monoterpene and beta-pinene, turpentine is usually used as a solvent to dilute oil paint, varnish mixed materials that we use to polish wood surfaces and can be used for other chemical raw materials. Turpentine aroma fragrant like eucalyptus oil, turpentine because the fragrance fragrance materials can be used for flooring or germ killer that we used to buy, but there is no other uses of turpentine as a raw material of perfume, essential oils extracted from pine sap that can produce terpinol namely alpha-terpinol is one of the 3 types of isomers of aromatic alcohols. Terpineol can be beneficial to health is for relaxation when used as a mixture of scented massage oil. The aroma is used aromatherapy massage oils because when applied rubbing will feel relaxation when used at a dose as directed.Can be used also for groceries but not in the form of gum rosin resin, but that has diesterfikasi with glycerol under nitrogen atmosphere into gum rosin esters, one additional ingredient manufacture of chewing gum to become supple and pliable. Safe for consumption because it has been tested by the Food and Drug Administration United States so you do not have to worry about eating gum. Gondorukem obtained from the processing of pine resin, is brittle, translucent, has a low melting point and a characteristic smell of turpentine and insoluble in water. Gondorukem benefits are:
1. Batik Industry: mixer wax batik material obtained his night needs about 2,500 tons / year
2 Paper Industry: filler paper, the need in the manufacture of approximately 0.5% of the production of paper or 2,000 tons / year
3. soap industry: a mixture of about 5-10% by weight of soap.
4 Make Vernish, inks, electrical insulating materials, matches, glue, leather industry and others.
Another benefit Gum Rosin 5. abroad and its derivatives are used to make synthetic resins, plastics, glue, asphalt, plitur materials, synthetic lacquers, shoe industry, shipbuilding, etc..
For turpentine oil can be used directly and purely through the efforts and back distilalsi through advanced treatment, such as for organic solvents, resin solvent, material shoe polish, metal and synthetic camphor wood and materials etc.

Agathis. 

The genus Agathis, commonly called rosin, or in the Maori language called kauri, is a genus of 21 species of leafy trees throughout the year from ancient conifer family Araucariaceae. Although formerly widespread during the Jurassic period, they are now found only in a smaller area in the southern hemisphere. These trees are characterized by a very large trunks and little or no branching in some part to the top. Young trees usually conical; only when adults become more rounded canopy or irregular.

Region Name 

Tree species Agathis spp. with the name of the area (resin (Indonesia); dayu- ngon (Philippines); kauri (England); kauri pine (Papua New Guinea); resin oils (trade).

Spreading And The Growing 

In Indonesia, the distribution is quite broad, namely Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua. Some of the most important tree species agathis according to its natural distribution area including Agathis alba Warb (Sumatra, Maluku), A. bornensis Warb (Borneo), A. becarii Warb (Borneo), A. loranthifolia Salisb (Maluku), A. hanii (Sulawesi ), A. phillipinensis Warb (Sulawesi) and A. labillardieri Warb (Papua). Plants grow well in the circumstances agathis / persyratan as below:
a. Regions with a high ± 300 m to 1500 m above sea level, except A. bornensis can grow from a height of 0-50 m above sea level, A. becarii ranging from a height of 50 m above sea level, A. hamii 0-900 m dp and A. alba ranging from an altitude of 200 m above sea level.
b. Relatively fertile soil, nest and bersolum in A. boornensis except on sandy soils (heath forest).
c. Climate type A and B according to the classification of Schmidt-Ferguson with rainfall 3000 - 4000 mm / year. There is a long dry season / hard, with at least 30 days of rain during the driest 4 months.

Habitus. 

Height up to 65 m, diameter buttresses, large branches often sticking up, irregular. Bark light gray to cok- lat redness, peeling in large flakes thin, irregularly shaped, usually pockmarked because the resin. Sapwood whitish to brownish, sometimes faintly pink without a clear porch. Adult leaves opposite, round eggs, length 6-8 cm, width 2-3 cm, the base of the leaf wedge, pointed tip, many parallel veins. Male and female flowers are on different bunches, on the same tree (monoecious). Female cone-shaped elliptical to circular measuring 6 to 8.5 x 5.5 to 6.5 cm; wing consists of measuring 30-40 x 20-25 mm, roughly triangular, rounded tip portion limits, average side length 3-4 cm, the transverse diameter of 10 mm. Stalk of a group or part of a cone ja ntan extends up to 4 mm, or one with permanent foundations; microsporophyl transverse diameter measuring up to 2 mm, the rounded ends.

Usefulness of Wood and Gum 

The wood is valuable mainly used for woodworking, pulp and plywood including durable class IV and class III durable, heavy type of wood ± 0.49. Additionally agathis trees produce resin (copal), except A. phillipinensis. Copal is used for paint, varnish spirits, plastic, sizing materials, textile coatings, water proofing materials, printing inks, and so on.

Copal 

Production of copal produced by plants Agathis sp., Namely by wounding the bark of Agathis sp., After the wounding of the skin, the skin will remove sap called copal. Potential exit quantitatively sap basically influenced by passive factors namely: site quality, age, density, stand height and diameter of the stand. State stands with trees that are too tight and small diameter trees resulting copal production per tree is relatively small. Lack of sunlight into the stands causing the air temperature inside the stand to be relatively low, this causes rapid copal become hardened so that the hatching becomes obstructed. The size of the diameter of the tree influence on the extent of injuries that made tapping on the tree, the greater the diameter or circumference of the tree, the more cuts being made and lead the more sap produced. Productivity leads copal is strongly influenced by the thickness of the bark of the stands, which have varying skin thickness of the thin-skinned (less than 1 cm) to thick (greater and equal to 1 cm). The difference in skin thickness showed differences in productivity leads copal. Coolie on the type of resin that produces sap more thick than thin-skinned type of resin. Physiologically sap stored in a vertical line and the transverse radial lines on the tree. The channel is surrounded by a network parenkima. Between channels and sel¬sel parenkima sap occurs an osmotic balance. If the lesions are raised on tree sap that causes the channel is open, then the reduced wall stress, osmotic equilibrium is disturbed, so that the sap flows out of the channel follows the contours of wounding. Based on this it can be seen that some aspects ekofisiologis affect production copal tree so that strategies to increase the production of copal must be done with due regard to the ekofisiologis aspects, namely:
1. Planting in accordance with the requirements of growing in their natural habitat.
      Planting Agathis sp. at the location where grown in accordance with the requirements of growth will result in the growth of Agathis sp optimal trees with optimal tree growth will have a positive impact on the production of copal.
2. Manipulation distance grows
      Manipulation distance relative growth by managing thinning. By thinning the factors that affect the growth of trees such as air humidity, light intensity and temperature will be affected micro. This condition will be a positive influence on the development of tree diameter and correlated positively to the production of latex.
3. Direction lead
      By adjusting the direction of solar radiation leads that provide faster and with more intensity then it will have a positive influence on latex production. Studies conducted by Rochidajat and Sukawi (1978) showed that the production of latex with the East direction leads to demonstrate the greatest latex production compared with the leads facing towards the south, west and north.
4 Techniques wounding
      With regard physiologically where sap is stored, the wounding technique is one of the factors that affect the production release of sap. Sap that comes out through the lesions are just going out of the sap is trending longitudinal channel of injured skin.
5. Set period wounding
      With a set period of wounding, there was a time lag which lesions are likely to have a positive impact on the growth of the tree, with the possibility lag recovery plant will do so in the next wounding will result copal optimal production
6. The use of stimulants to stimulate the release of sap
      One of the stimulants that can stimulate the release of sap is hydrochloric acid. The use of hydrochloric acid with various concentrations of certain can increase sap production and color quality. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com 
author:
http://sachema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno. 
http://storeconveniences.blogspot.com/2014/09/resin-pine-and-agathis.html
DatePublished: September 3, 2014 at 20:34

Tag : Resin, pine and agathis.